1. Low Level Programming Language:
A low level language is very close to a microprocessor (CPU). There are two low-level languages i.e. Machine Language and Assembly Language.
Computer directly understands Machine Language as this language uses only two symbols i.e. 0 & 1. Assembly Language is very similar to the Machine Language but easier than that.
2. High Level Programming Language:
High level programming language differs from a low level language in a way that a high level language is close to the human beings and far from the Microprocessor. Some common high-level languages are:
- BASIC (Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
- COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).
- FORTRAN (Formula Translation),
- PASCAL
- C/C++
3. Generations of Computer Languages:
| Generation | Language | Period |
|---|---|---|
| 1GL | Machine Language | 1940's---1950's |
| 2GL | Assembly Language | 1950's---1960's |
| 3GL | High level programming language | 1960's---1970's |
| 4GL | Very high level languages | 1970's---1980's |
| 5GL | Al-Based languages, Object Oriented languages | 1980's---To date |
4. Machine Language:
This is the first programming language. This language is very difficult for common people because it deals in 0's and 1's only. All instructions are given by using the binary number system.
5. Assembly Language:
Grace Hopper developed this language in early 1950's. This is the 2GL. This language uses short hand for doing commands. For example, to do Multiplication, Addition or Subtraction, the commands are MUL, ADD and SUB.
This language is dependent on the microprocessor chip. Although this language is also not so easy yet it is the most powerful and speedy language.
6. High Level Language:
There are number of High-level languages available, which FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C/C++, etc.
7. FORTRAN:
In early days of computers, the main goal was complicated calculations in solving problems of science and mathematics. So, the first major high-level programming language was FORTRAN (Formula Translation). It was developed in 1956. The latest version of FORTRAN is FORTRAN 90 which is being used in modern computers nowadays.
8. COBOL:
COBOL stands for Common Business Oriental Language. It was developed in late 1950's. As compared to FORTRAN, it was the easiest language at that time because its instructions looked very much similiar to common English. It has very powerful facilities for file handing and business arithmetic.
9. BASIC:
BASIC is almost always considered to be the first programming language that a programmer learns. It was developed in 1964. As it is very easy as compared to other programming languages of that time, so it is used to teach computer programming to beginners, as its name also implies:
7. FORTRAN:
In early days of computers, the main goal was complicated calculations in solving problems of science and mathematics. So, the first major high-level programming language was FORTRAN (Formula Translation). It was developed in 1956. The latest version of FORTRAN is FORTRAN 90 which is being used in modern computers nowadays.
8. COBOL:
COBOL stands for Common Business Oriental Language. It was developed in late 1950's. As compared to FORTRAN, it was the easiest language at that time because its instructions looked very much similiar to common English. It has very powerful facilities for file handing and business arithmetic.
9. BASIC:
BASIC is almost always considered to be the first programming language that a programmer learns. It was developed in 1964. As it is very easy as compared to other programming languages of that time, so it is used to teach computer programming to beginners, as its name also implies:
Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
There are a number of BASIC languages developed by different companies, for example: T-BASIC, Q-BASIC AND GW-BASIC etc.
10. C/C++:
Dennis Ritchie first developed C in 1972. C is the next version of language B. Different C languages are available nowadays for IBM, IBM compatible, Unix and Macintosh etc. C++ is an object oriented programming language and it is based on C language.
It is the most popular programming language in developing commercial programs such as the software used in electronic devices.
11. Very High Level Languages:
These languages are commonly known as 4GL. These languages made the programming very easy because of their visual and object oriented approach. These languages are Visual Basic, Visual C/C++, etc.
12. Al-Based Language:
Al stands for Artificial Intelligence. These languages are based on a special subject of computer sciences, i.e., A.l. In this, we make our computer Artificiality Intelligent. Examples of these languages are PROLOG (Programming Logic) and ADA (named after Lady Ada Byro) etc. A.l. Based Languages are used for different purposes, such as to give intelligence to the robots.
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